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GOSS ENGINEERING TES DESIGN: THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE OVERVIEW
TES is a way of producing cooling (or heating) at one point in time and using that heat or cold at another. Common TES systems include the storage of chilled water or hot water in a tank. With a properly designed thermal energy storage system, Goss Engineering can help you: TES systems are generally either full storage or partial storage systems. TES systems gain their major economic advantage from the difference between on-peak (daytime) and off-peak (night-time) electric energy rates and demand charges. Since electricity is the primary energy source often used for cooling, chilled water TES is more common than hot water TES (heating is generally fueled by natural gas, which is not subject to time-of-use price differentials). Full storage systems provide all the cooling from the TES system during a certain part of the day (generally on-peak hours) with cooling equipment shut off. During other hours, the cooling equipment is operating at higher load than required to meet the instantaneous load, with the cooling surplus stored. Partial storage systems typically operate chillers at a constant rate over the full day. Peak loads are met utilizing a mix of stored cooling plus instantaneous chiller produced cooling. During lighter loads, the excess capacity from the chiller is stored. Though full storage systems can achieve greater energy cost savings than partial storage systems, the amount of cooling equipment and TES capacity (and thus the capital cost) is generally greater with full storage systems than with a partial storage system.
GOSS ENGINEERING C O M P L E T E D T E S S Y S T E M P R O J E C T S
GOSS ENGINEERING T E C H N I C A L A R T I C L E S: Goss Engineering is an active participant in the evolution of Thermal Energy Storage design practice in the United States. Goss Engineering staff members have co-authored the following articles on TES:
REFERENCES
ON TES / THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE
Thermal
Energy Storage for Space Cooling: [Excerpt] Thermal energy storage for space cooling, also known as cool storage, chill storage, or cool thermal storage, is a relatively mature technology that continues to improve through evolutionary design advances. Cool storage technology can be used to significantly reduce energy costs by allowing energy-intensive, electrically driven cooling equipment to be predominantly operated during off-peak hours when electricity rates are lower. In addition, some system configurations result in lower first costs and/or lower operating costs compared to non-storage systems. more Energy
Storage: A Critical Path to Sustainability [Excerpt] To understand the importance of storage, it is imperative that one understands the electric power grid. If you have ever lived in a warm environment, you have probably experienced a brown out. Brown outs typically happen in the heat of day, when the temperatures are high and buildings across the area are turning up the air-conditioning and creating an enormous need for energy. Because of this, in the middle of any day, the demand on the power grid is the highest. In addition to the air-conditioning running at full power, more lights are on and multiple appliances are in use. Because of the strain on the grid, the costs for electricity are highest during those “on-peak” hours and the generation is often the dirtiest since all the old plants are turned on to help meet the demand. On the flip side—at night—when the majority of people are sleeping, there is a very low demand on the grid, and sometimes, even over-capacity. This is called “off-peak.” Storage is the Answer: In its present configuration, our electric grid has almost no “storage” capability so that electricity must be produced exactly when it is needed. This is possible when your source of energy is fossil fuel (stored energy) but is very difficult and expensive when it is renewable energy (wind or solar). Adding energy storage to the grid will be critical in our quest to lower societies’ carbon emissions. more Thermal Energy Storage Myths, by Mark M. MacCracken, P.E., offers systematic data to refute popular misconceptions about TES (too big, too complicated, too expensive, etc). From ASHRAE Journal. Thermal
Energy Storage at a Federal Facility 2009 Energy Storage Research Portfolio from the Electric Power Research Institute Catalog of Articles and Presentations on TES design and applications from the Energy Storage Council Source Energy and Environmental Impacts of Thermal Energy Storage -- a 1996 report from the Thermal Energy Storage: Systems and Applications
[Book description from Amazon] During the last two decades many research and development activities related to energy have concentrated on efficient energy use and energy savings and conservation. In this regard, Thermal Energy Storage (TES) systems can play an important role, as they provide great potential for facilitating energy savings and reducing environmental impact. Thermal storage has received increasing interest in recent years in terms of its applications, and the enormous potential it offers both for more effective use of thermal equipment and for economic, large-scale energy substitutions. Indeed, TES appears to provide one of the most advantageous solutions for correcting the mismatch that often occurs between the supply and demand of energy. Despite this increase in attention, no book is currently available which comprehensively covers TES. Presenting contributions from prominent researchers and scientists, this book is primarily concerned with TES systems and their applications. It begins with a brief summary of general aspects of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics and heat transfer, and then goes on to discuss energy storage technologies, environmental aspects of TES, energy and exergy analyses, and practical applications. Furthermore, this book provides coverage of the theoretical, experimental and numerical techniques employed in the field of thermal storage. Numerous case studies and illustrative examples are included throughout. Some of the unique features of this book include: In short, this book forms a valuable reference resource for practicing engineers and researchers, and a research-oriented text book for advanced undergraduate and graduate students of various engineering disciplines. Instructors will find that its breadth and structure make it an ideal core text for TES and related courses. more Thermal
Energy Storage for Sustainable Energy Consumption: Fundamentals,
Case Studies and Design [Book description from Amazon] We all share a small planet. Our growing thirst for energy already threatens the future of our earth. Fossil fuels – energy resources of today – are not evenly distributed on the earth. 10% of the world’s population exploits 90% of its resources. Today’s energy systems rely heavily on fossil fuel resources which are diminishing ever faster. The world must prepare for a future without fossil fuels. Thermal energy storage provides us with a flexible heating and/or cooling tool to combat climate change through conserving energy and increasing energy while utilizing natural renewable energy resources. Thermal storage applications have been proven to be efficient and financially viable, yet they have not been exploited sufficiently. Çukurova University, Turkey in collaboration with Ljubljana University, Slovenia and the International Energy Agency Implementing Agreement on Energy Conservation Through Energy Storage (IEA ECES IA) has organized this NATO Advanced Study Institute on Thermal Energy Storage for Sustainable Energy Consumption – Fundamentals, Case Studies and Design (NATO ASI TESSEC), in Cesme, Izmir, Turkey on June 6-17, 2005. Eminent experts who have worked in a number of Annexes of IEA ECES IA were among the lecturers of this Advanced Study Institute. 24 lecturers from Canada, Germany, Japan, The Netherlands, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, and USA have all enthusiastically contributed to the scientific programme. In Çesme, Turkey, 65 students from 17 countries participated in this 2 week summer school. This book contains the manuscripts prepared based on the lectures included in the scientific programme of the NATO ASI TESSEC. You can also find the design example assignments from the computer workshops. more
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